The impacts of performance appraisal system design elements (e.g. type of appraisal form, timing of form completion and whether or not the subordinate compiles information for the review) on (1) perceptions of work planning during the performance appraisal session, (2) subordinate ownership involvement in the session, and (3) performance improvements are examined in this paper by Susan Resnick and Allan M. Mohrman, Jr.